3D renderers use intricate lighting and shading techniques to generate realistic and aesthetically attractive results. They simulate shadows, reflections, and refractions using ray tracing and global illumination techniques. PBR methods provide realistic textures and materials. To effectively mimic light interaction with surfaces, PBR accounts for material qualities like reflectivity and roughness. These approaches, together with high-resolution texture mapping and material libraries, allow 3D renderers generate realistic and detailed graphics, improving scene quality and believability.